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Abstract The debates over the requirement ofthe International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants(ICNafp) for a viable specimen to represent the name-bearing type material for a species or infraspecific taxon have a long history. Taxonomy of fungi commonly studied as living cultures exemplified by yeasts and moulds, strongly depend on viable reference material. The availability of viable cultures is also particularly useful for several groups of filamentous and dimorphic fungi. While the preservation of metabolically inactive cultures is permitted and recommended by the ICNafp, there is room for improvement. Below, we review the history and current status of cultures as the name-bearing type material under theCode. We also present a roadmap with tasks to be achieved in order to establish a stable nomenclatural system that properly manages taxa typified by viable specimens. Furthermore, we propose setting up rules and defining the nomenclatural status of ex-type cultures under Chapter F, the section of the ICNafp that includes provisions specific to names of fungi. 

Abstract Fungi are one of the most diverse groups of organisms with an estimated number of species in the range of 2–3 million. The higher-level ranking of fungi has been discussed in the framework of molecular phylogenetics since Hibbett et al., and the definition and the higher ranks (e.g., phyla) of the ‘true fungi’ have been revised in several subsequent publications. Rapid accumulation of novel genomic data and the advancements in phylogenetics now facilitate a robust and precise foundation for the higher-level classification within the kingdom. This study provides an updated classification of the kingdomFungi, drawing upon a comprehensive phylogenomic analysis ofHolomycota, with which we outline well-supported nodes of the fungal tree and explore more contentious groupings. We accept 19 phyla ofFungi,viz. Aphelidiomycota,Ascomycota,Basidiobolomycota,Basidiomycota,Blastocladiomycota,Calcarisporiellomycota,Chytridiomycota,Entomophthoromycota,Entorrhizomycota,Glomeromycota,Kickxellomycota,Monoblepharomycota,Mortierellomycota,Mucoromycota,Neocallimastigomycota,Olpidiomycota,Rozellomycota,Sanchytriomycota,andZoopagomycota. In the phylogenies,Caulochytriomycotaresides inChytridiomycota; thus, the former is regarded as a synonym of the latter, whileCaulochytriomycetesis viewed as a class inChytridiomycota. We provide a description of each phylum followed by its classes. A new subphylum,SanchytriomycotinaKarpov is introduced as the only subphylum inSanchytriomycota. The subclassPneumocystomycetidaeKirk et al. inPneumocystomycetes,Ascomycotais invalid and thus validated. Placements of fossil fungi in phyla and classes are also discussed, providing examples.